US elections 2020: All you need to know about the Electoral College that can sway final results

WASHINGTON: "Beautiful" is how US political outsider Donald Trump described his shock presidential win against rival Hillary Clinton on the night of November 8, 2016.

The details were less clean-cut.

Former secretary of state Clinton had received nearly three million more votes than her Republican rival.

But, by narrowly winning key battleground states, Trump surpassed the 270 Electoral College votes necessary to win the White House.

With just five weeks until the 2020 election featuring Trump and Democrat Joe Biden, the rules of this enigmatic — some argue outmoded — system are coming back into focus.

Why an Electoral College?

The 538 members of the US Electoral College gather in their state's respective capitals every four years after the presidential election to designate the winner.

A presidential candidate must obtain an absolute majority of the college vote — or 270 of the 538 — to win.

The system originated with the US constitution in 1787, establishing the rules for indirect, single-round presidential elections.

The country's Founding Fathers saw the system as a compromise between direct presidential elections with universal suffrage, and an election by members of Congress — an approach rejected as insufficiently democratic.

Since then, hundreds of amendments have been proposed to Congress in efforts to modify or abolish the Electoral College, but none has succeeded.

Debate was rekindled with Trump's victory. If 2020's race is a nail-biter, then the Electoral College will surely return to the spotlight.

Who are the 538?

Most are local elected officials or party leaders, but their names do not appear on ballots, and their identities are mostly unknown to voters.

Each state has as many electors as it has members in the House of Representatives (a number dependent on the state's population) and in the Senate (two in every state, regardless of size).

California, for example, has 55 electors; Texas has 38; and sparsely populated Alaska, Delaware, Vermont and Wyoming have only three each.

The American constitution leaves it to states to decide how their electors' votes should be cast. In every state but two (Nebraska and Maine), the candidate winning the majority of popular votes theoretically wins all that state's electors.

Controversial institution

In November 2016, Trump won 306 electoral votes. Indignant, millions of Americans had signed a petition calling on Republican electors to block him. The effort was mostly in vain, as only two electors, in Texas, defected, ultimately giving him 304 votes.

Republicans had denounced the move as a desperate attempt by activists refusing to accept defeat.

The extraordinary 2016 situation of losing the popular vote but winning the election was not unprecedented. Five presidents in all have been elected to office this way.

John Quincy Adams was the first, in 1824, against Andrew Jackson. More recently, the 2000 election resulted in an epic Florida entanglement between George W. Bush and Democrat Al Gore.

Gore had ultimately won nearly 500,000 more votes nationwide, but when Florida was awarded to Bush, it pushed the Republican's Electoral College total to 271 — and victory.

True vote or simple formality?

Nothing in the American constitution obliges electors to vote in one way or another. If some states require them to respect the popular vote, and they do not, such so-called "faithless electors" were subjected to a simple fine.

But in July 2020, the US Supreme Court ruled that states could impose punishments on such disloyal voters by establishing laws mandating electors to cast their votes according to the popular vote in that state.

Between 1796 and 2016, some 180 electors cast votes contrary to the presidential or vice presidential candidate who won their state. But faithless electors have never determined a US election outcome.

Trump's edge over Biden

In the current situation ahead of the November elections in the US, Biden seems to be a step behind Trump, who, in 2016, had won the election just because of the Electoral College's presence.

The 538 electors are people from each party who, in reality, are voted for when Americans cast their ballots for a president. These 'electors' then choose the president on behalf of those living in their state.

The catch here, however, is that while each state is assigned certain electoral votes, some are underrepresented while others are overrepresented. Whichever candidate emerges the victor in a state gets to take all the votes of that state, thereby inflating their own win.

A Guardian article explains this with an example: "In 2016, Trump beat Clinton in Florida by a margin of just 2.2% but that meant he claimed all 29 of Florida’s crucial electoral votes."

Electoral college a violation of democracy

Some states, therefore, are called the key states or swing states, which means that they can influence the election results just because of their representation in the electoral college. This is how Biden may lose his edge over Trump despite being very popular choice at the moment.

In its example, The Guardian continues: "Wyoming has one electoral college vote for every 193,000 people, compared with California’s rate of one electoral vote per 718,000 people.

"This means that each electoral vote in California represents over three times as many people as one in Wyoming," it adds.

By definition, the existence of an electoral college is a violation of basic rules and principles of democracy since it does not hold true to each vote equals everyone's voice is heard without any partiality. In fact, election and democracy experts have raised warnings that electoral colleges are flawed.

Electoral College schedule

Electors will gather in their states on December 14 and cast votes for president and vice president.

Why this date? US law states they "meet and cast their vote on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December."

On January 6, 2021, Congress will certify the winner, who gets sworn in on January 20.